How to parent in Canada? The struggle to develop a new habitus among Chinese immigrant mothers
Abstract
Parents worldwide aspire to guide their children toward what they see as “success”. However, immigrant families in Canada, especially those from non-Western backgrounds, encounter distinct challenges. These include maintaining family cohesion and supporting their children’s psychological and emotional well-being amidst acculturation differences. This qualitative study
utilizes Bourdieu’s critical sociological theory to examine the experiences of five first generation, middle-class Chinese immigrant mothers in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Despite past research suggesting that immigrant parents are resistant to changing some of their deeply held beliefs (regardless of how they diverge from predominant norms), the findings of this study point toward participants’ shared desire to abandon their cultural traditions. They rejected the high power, hierarchical parent-child relationships of their own upbringing and instead strove to respect their children as autonomous equals with the ‘right’ to self-expression, aligning with Western philosophical paradigms. However, despite these intentions, their habitus is embodied and enduring, such that their habitual ways of reacting and relating to their children reflect the very traditions they consciously reject. The findings illuminate the challenges non-Western immigrant parents face in implementing their evolving parenting goals in everyday interactions with their children
Notes
Future research / gaps identified:
1) Explore perspectives of Chinese fathers, particularly as traditional gender norms are shifting to increase male involvement in parenting.
2) Examine how these parenting dynamics evolve in split families (e.g. mother and children immigrate to Canada, father is still in China).
3) Assess how the experiences of low-income Chinese families compares to this study on middle-class Chinese families.
Integration timeline: first-generation immigrants, otherwise not specified
Key populations: Chinese first-generation immigrant middle-class mothers in Calgary
Key recommendations: not stated
Community organizations: n/a
Key findings:
1) Participants embraced ideas about children and parenting in alignment with Western psychological and educational theories.
2) However, they encountered difficulties in integrating these perspectives into a coherent system and translating them into day-to-day parenting practice.
3) A major challenge was their struggle with the absence of practical knowledge. Western parenting beliefs often clashed with traditional Chinese parenting, and parents struggled to balance and combine the two.
Location: Calgary, AB
Open access: Yes